Many of the Kalinga also identify themselves topographically with either Upper Kalinga, covering the more mountainous municipalities of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Tanudan, and Tinglayan; or Lower Kalinga, composed of Pinukpuk, Rizal, and Tabuk. Provincial Planning and Development Office. 2014. Compared to kalinga cloth, ifugao Loincloth are less colorful and darker in color. The pattong salip is a festival dance in which men and women form two circles, the women staying in the inner circle. (Guess, tall when sitting, short when standing. Elsewhere, the men play the pattatag to simulate the flat-gong ensemble. For centuries, the Kalingas have been practicing body art and have kept it as a staple of their rich Filipino tradition. Keeping the tradition of her husband's culture alive, she has created modern product designs for the traditional weaves. The MBCC has been successful in resolving issues involving Kalinga and non-Kalinga residents in Tabuk through the bodong system. Geographically, the main entry into the mountainous interior had been from the north, until the American period when trails and roads from the south were constructed. Protestants (specifically belonging to the National Council of Churches in the Philippines) come second, with 19,615 members (9.7%); and Evangelicals (from the Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches), third, with 14,588 members (7.3%). [6], Robusta coffee became a popular cash-crop among the Kalinga in the 1970s, although a trader monopoly in the 1980s led to low farmgate prices despite high world market prices, causing a decline in production. It has a distinct dialogue between red and blue, expressing itself in broad red and blue bands of plain or twill weave, and creating densely-composed groups of tight stripes. Through mangiyugod or mangbaga (go-betweens), the parents discussed proposals and arrangements. When Philippine independence was declared on 4 July 1946, there was little change in the conditions of the Mountain Province. Ornaments worn by the men include C-shaped ear pendants similar to those of the Ifugao and the Bontok, a broad collar necklace called kulkul made of small beads of different sizes for special occasions, big copper bracelets, armlets, and necklaces of trapezoidal shells. Efforts were made by the American schoolteachers and missionaries in their education and conversion work to eliminate the Kalinga traditional belief that illness was caused by bad spirits. Pangsiw, Frederick. Community: Kalinga Origin: Province of Kalinga The Kalinga textiles exhibit motifs executed as though they are embedded in the geometry of weaving itself. They initially supported the Katipunero, since both lowlanders and uplanders suffered the same abuse and maltreatment from the colonizers. The ensemble instruments highly valued by the Kalinga are the gangsa (flat gongs), which are played in two styles: gangsa pattung, also known as gangsa palo-ok, and gangsa topayya or tuppayya. The suggiyaw is a rice harvest song; dandan-ag, a funeral song; goygoy, a lullaby; tugom, a rice-pounding song; iwwayat, a debating song; and the dagdag-ay, a nostalgia song. It corresponds to present-day northern Telangana, northeastern Andhra Pradesh, most of Odisha, and a portion of Madhya Pradesh states. The tapis colors are predominantly red and yellow although other colors are also used. [16] As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines. densely-composed groups of tight stripes. Kalinga songs for the dead are the ibi, literally to cry, and in southern Kalinga, the dandannag, a song in praise of the dead. Anderson produced a monograph, Kalinga Culture, which features Kalinga woven textile. The binakol design is probably copied from eastern European textiles. Interview by Scott Saboy, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, 8 April. 1983. Limos Kalinga. Singapore Travel", "The Last Kalinga Tattoo Artist of the Philippines", "Meet Whang Od Oggay: The Philippines' oldest tattoo artis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalinga_people&oldid=1121680887, This page was last edited on 13 November 2022, at 15:38. They also make household articles like wooden containers, bowls, dishes, ladles, and a variety of baskets and pots. The narrow northwestern coast of Luzon directly facing the West Philippine Sea is the native domain of the Ilocano. Rice bundles symbolize abundance. The ullalim, as a musical form, is not restricted only to the chanting of adventure stories about epic heroes. [6], Tattoos among the Kalinga are known as batok or batek (whatok in Butbut Kalinga). As they do so, they play a lighthearted tune called the damilut on their saggaypo pipes. The Kalinga set up barricades to prevent the entry of construction equipment and materials. In the Philippines, tattooing was a common practice among the major warrior groups of the Cordillera, which include the Kalinga, the indigenous people from Kalinga province. Kalinga Textiles. The Kalinga Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes]. In the past, the main material used for weaving was the bark of a variety of mulberry called sopot, manufactured into blankets and short jackets for men and women. To accompany songs, some Kalinga youth today use the kullitong, which is played by plucking the strings. The families exchanged gifts and held a premarriage feast, in which the barat or ballong (southern Kalinga) or the kiling or kalon (northern Kalinga), was given by the boys parents to the girls. It was made in Pinili, Ilocos Norte, where some of the country's oldest weavers come from. With the help of the Department of Trade & Industry she has been trained to design and sew different kinds of products. This is a modern reproduction of the traditional striped Gaddang textiles embroidered with small white beads. The culture of the southern Kalinga thus became similar to cultures at the south of it like the Ifugao and Bontok. Kalinga hand woven fabrics are characterized by dominant red stripes and motifs of geometric patterns with nature symbols interlaced with white yellow and black fibers. National Geographic Magazine 23 (September): 833-930. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University. The salidummay/dewas, probably the best known Kalinga song among many Filipinos, is metrical and most often sung in two-part harmony. At festive gatherings, particularly peace pacts and wedding celebrations, the tadok is danced by a pair of male and female dancers to the music of the gangsa topayya. Although most Kalinga today are Christianized, many still adhere to such indigenous beliefs and practices, which foreign missionaries have erroneously branded as pagan. In the 2010 census, which lists at least 45 Christian denominations in Kalinga, only 27 individuals (0.01%) identified themselves as belonging to tribal religions. Villa, Simeon A.1959. The Kalinga continue to actively preserve their musical heritage despite social changes. The women in the north paint their faces red. As soon as the baby is born, an adult member of the household places four knotted runo shoots outside every corner of the house, indicating visitation restrictions. It is an elaborate process with many stages which includes a ritual. Eugenio, Damiana L., ed. Also, during the revolutionary period, social and economic conditions further deteriorated. [19] This was the start of even more media attention focused on Whang-od, bringing the Kalinga tattoo art to global attention. In the 1920s, Amburayan and large areas of Lepanto and Benguet became part of La Union and Ilocos Sur, and other portions were added to Bontoc. Lopez, Larry. Kalinga became increasingly neglected, as evidenced by the poor maintenance and declining construction of roads and trails. For the first time, the Kalinga and Bontok forged intertribal solidarity and declared their preparedness to resort to armed resistance to defend their ancestral domain. Reyes-Urtula, Lucrecia. The Kalinga occupy a northern section of northern Luzon's Cordillera Central, which is drained by the middle Chico River and its tributaries. Its melody comes closest to that of the generic Filipino folk song and may be of recent origin, possibly begun during World War II. [25], Kalinga houses (furoy, buloy, fuloy, phoyoy, biloy)are either octagonal for the wealthy, or square, and are elevated on posts (a few as high as 2030 feet), with a single room. It means that the authority of the bodong extends to the binodngan and his or her property located outside the ili (village). Ferns indicates that a woman is ready to conceive, enhances their health, and protects against stillbirth. Stark, Miriam Thelma. During illness, the mangalisig (medium and healer in the south) or mandadawak/mang-anito (in the north) appease the spirits of the dead or malevolent entities through animal sacrifices. Other earrings are made of strings of small beads, large pieces of copper wires, and large pieces of shells. During the latter half of the 19th century, Spanish authorities created comandancias, political-military jurisdictions extending into the mountains of northern Luzon. These shields supposedly represent the human body. In southern Kalinga, the bungkaka are sounded to drive evil spirits away as people travel in the mountains. Several small lakes can also be found in the Kalinga. All these come together during the Ullalim Festival, which is a yearly agro-industrial and cultural fair in Tabuk that lasts up to five days. Martin Masadaos Anac ti Pating (A Sharks Child) won the 2012 Sineng Pambansa Best Picture award. Objects like a piece of the sugaga tree bark and the tooth of a dog, crocodile, or ferret fox prevent Ngilin from smelling the fetus. Mainstream film Ang Pagbabalik ng Probinsyano (1987), tells the story of a fictional Kalinga tribe whose ancestral domain is threatened by a Manila-based mining company. The Dances of the Emerald Isles. Ethnologies of Major Tribes: Igorot, A People Who Daily Touch the Earth and the Sky. 1991. 2013-07-14 13:42:11. Wilcox, Cornelius De Witt. The escalation of military operations in the area became a national and international issue, especially after Butbut tribal chief Macli-ing Dulag was killed on 24 April 1980 by soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Leodegario Adalem of the 44th Infantry Battalion. It is bounded by the provinces of Cagayan and Apayao in the north, Mt. Meet Annie. Video:The last Kalinga tattoo artist, Whang Od | DW Documentary. Interview by Scott Saboy, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, 13 February. Under the old pagta, part of their task was to kill a fellow tribe member who killed a kabodong (a member from a friendly tribe). Thus, trade and Spanish activities in the mid-1850s resulted in the acculturation of northern Kalinga. [5] They are mainly found in Kalinga province which has an area of 3,282.58 sq. Research File on the Cordilleras. Unpublished manuscript, Typescript. The preservation and revival of the Cordillera peoples indigenous music is the aim of such institutions as Baguio-based Cordillera Music Tutorial and Research Center, which is headed by Kalinga music teacher Benicio Sokkong. During the Philippine-American War, 1899-1902, General Emilio Aguinaldo made Lubuagan the seat of the Philippine Republic for 72 days from 6 March to 17 May 1900. Two other coffee brands are Kalinga Brew and Mananig Coffee. Potters coat their products, which they describe as smooth, bright, shiny, and beautiful (Stark 1993, 164), with pula (red ocher) to give these a violet hue. [6] Ethnography of the Kalinga. The Kalinga people[2][3][4] (IPA:[kalia]) are an indigenous ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in the Cordillera Mountain Range of the northern Philippines. The banga, or pot dance, is a work dance of Kalinga maidens who are famous for balancing on their heads several clay pots filled with water as they come home from the river where they have bathed and cleaned their wares. Despite the central square foundations and the octagonal floor plan, however, the roof with its ridgepole presents a different profile from the side the bowed pongo (rafters) are not duplicated on the front or back of the house; instead, straight rafters (pakantod) run up only as far as the ati-atig crossbeams. The People and Art of the Philippines. Kalinga Shines in Struggle, Save the Homeland vs Corporate Plunder. Cordillera Womens Education Action Research Center Inc., 20 April. As chief creators and interpreters of Kalinga custom law, they function as counselors and as chief negotiators in dealing with other culture groups. accessories such as table runners, placemats, bags, and purses, among others. 2000. Kalinga men and women have varying reasons for getting their tattoos. In western Kalinga, the epic is called dangdang-ay, and the hero is Magliya or Gono. Traditionally, planting starts with the prayer of old women. Shields are painted with geometric designs similar to tattoo motifs, which may be related to death, burial, social position, or headhunting. Mortised into the upper faces of the stringers are four sturdy posts (paratok), two of which carry a crossbeam (fatangan), which, in turn, carries two light queenposts (taray) supporting four crossbeams or purlins (ati-atig) in the form of a square. Textiles are very important in the lives of the . They become operational once they are announced. De los Reyes, Angelo, and Aloma de los Reyes, eds. The irrigated and rain-fed terraces in the other areas of the province also produce rice but on a lesser scale. Dacanay Jr., Julian E. 1988. Teodoro Llamzon, S.J. But the hemline of the tapis that is worn for work barely reaches the knees. The Kalinga legal system is based on Kalinga custom law, a body of regulations verbally transmitted from generation to generation. Other building include granaries (alang) and field sheds (sigay). Filipino cultural tradition is worth preserving and the tradition of the Kalinga people offers so much value. Ilokano is spoken all over the province. 2014. Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles Museum of Natural History. Their life cycle has four important stages: birth, marriage, sickness, and death. The pattong salip is also performed during wedding feasts, with all the wedding guests collectively wishing the newlyweds happiness as a ring of men encloses the inner circle of women, who simply turn in their places (Orosa-Goquingco 1980). Long ago, according to this legend, a handsome stranger with two dogs arrived at Dacalan. Chico River has several tributaries: Tinglayan in the south, Pasil in the middle, and Mabaka and Saltan in the north. The people of Kalinga are great weavers. He had to abandon the camp, however, when the Americans started closing in on him. The climate varies within the province, with a temperature ranging from 17 to 22 C. Additional Information? The Kalingas. Much preparation is needed for rituals related to kayaw (headhunting) and pasingan (wedding). 1981. Upon death, sacrifices are also made in honour of the spirit of the dead and kolias is celebrated after one year of mourning period. She is Ifugao by birth and is married to a Kalinga farmer. Email [email protected] to sign up today. In earlier times, the elders were the same people who got elected to public office at the provincial level, while some elders who were not qualified for municipal offices due to illiteracy might hold barangay positions. Lvl 2. Edward Dozier divided Kalinga geographically into three sub-cultures and geographical position: Balbalan (north); Pasil, Lubuagan, and Tinglayan (south); and Tanudan (east). Differences: the textile of cagayan valley uses stripes while the textile of mountain province uses zigzag. (This envelope can contain only one of two thingsa letter or money. Ikat is done by resist dyeing sections of the yarns prior to weaving the fabric. The warriors believed that failure to avenge the killing of a tribe member by an enemy tribe was a disgrace. In the gangsa pattung style, the players each carry a gong and use a rounded stick to strike rhythmic patterns of ringing and dampened sounds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Handwoven . In the following two examples, the images that serve as clues to the answers carry echoes of their militarized history, although the answers themselves are innocent enough (Lua 1994): Evidence of Macli-ing Dulags heroism is demonstrated in his statements of reproof against the manner in which the state intervened with the Kalinga way of life (translated by Yag-ao Alsiyao 2015): Annaja papil osa lang na anana sa chugwa. Courageous warriors were known as maalmot (brave warrior) or mingol (one who has killed many). Carabaos continue to be used in farms, especially in the highlands, although in the flatlands of Kalinga, hand tractors are predominantly used. Another solo instrument is the bamboo kullitong (zither), which has five to nine strings made by lifting up thin strips from the hard skin of the bamboo tube itself. Copy. The following are examples of Kalinga riddles (Eugenio 1982): Appukedt sumacheg cha mangili, laligli. Among the traditional weapons and implements of the Kalinga are the sinawit sawit or gaman (head axe) and the bolo (long knife). The rest of the vocal repertoire includes childrens songs, lullabies called wiyawi or wig-uwi, and various rice-pounding songs called mambayu, sung singly by a group. The rice terraces are irrigated by a common stream or spring. Marcos then sent military forces to the area. The Kalinga area remained isolated and untouched by Christianity and Western European domination and became the refuge of lowlanders from Cagayan Valley, Abra, and Ilocos who resisted Spanish rule. Interview by Scott Saboy, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, 8 April. The reed-mat floor (tatagon) is laid down in the center section on laths (chosar), set into the top of the three joists parallel to the stringers, and in the two side sections on laths which run transversely from the outer edges of the stringers to the inner edges of the sills. Cultural origin Kalinga Date mid 20th century Media category Textile Materials used cotton, shells, beads; brocade Dimensions 77.5 x 103.0 cm Credit Gift of Dr John Yu and Dr George Soutter 2005 . . By the late 1980s, however, there were 50 different types of ay-ayam being made as souvenir items of various shapes and sizes: flower vases, money banks, candleholders, and the gusi (imitation Chinese porcelain jar). These innovations in, design enable the Kalinga to share their cultural, heritage with more people while also allowing them, to preserve their sacred weaving tradition for many. For special occasions, the kain is adorned with rows of oval shells intermingled with short strings of small beads. The most usual designs included representations of the centipede or python snake. If the man had no children by his legal wife, then children from his mistress would enjoy the same privileges of inheritance as would his legitimate children. The labba is a bowl-shaped basket that exemplifies their fine wickerwork. 2014. They also make home decor and. The territory of the Kalinga used to be the southern half of the province of Kalinga-Apayao. The Buaya and Aciga culture groups of northern Kalinga tell the story of the creator gods Kabunyan, Talanganay, and Patubog. Quezon City: GCF Books. Ceres P. Doyo. Sign up for our exclusive discount codes and news. The kinship circle takes responsibility for the actions of its members. Now, elected public officials are a mix of old and young politicians who can afford to run a costly political campaign. Appukedt ulas kun bilass leng misansancheg si, (Guess, my sugarcane like the pine tree, leaning on. Manwhatok (tattoo practitioners) alternatively use parakuk id lubwhan (lemon thorns) to pierce the skin. One such change is the prohibition of automatic retaliation for offenses or crimes committed against a member of a Kalinga culture group. Cement tombs may lie in the front yard of houses. The province has a rugged and mountainous topography, cut through by the Chico River coming from Mount Data and emptying into Cagayan River. Their riddle is the af-af-fok. The simpler kullub is described as a square bamboo shed with an entrance at ground level and a partial floor at two slightly different floor levels on an independent set of posts (Scott 1969, 216). Banna goes to Bibbila and slaughters all its inhabitants. Ikat fabric is a dyeing technique used to create a distinct style of textile patterns. Furthermore, the hero has superhuman powers and mysterious skills aided by a magical head axe. The traditional Kalinga household consists of a nuclear family, which may include an old parent, or a grandparent of one of the spouses. Pfeiffer, William R. 1975. Up to the early 1970s, three remarkable forms of pottery were still being made in Kalinga but are now gone: the ceramic pot lid, the sugarcane wine jar, and the ceramic pig trough. Each design has different symbolic meanings or magical/talismanic abilities. Although a civil government was established in the mountainous areas, the revolutionary government neglected the highlands, since efforts were concentrated in setting up a strong and effective leadership in the lowlands. Sapao: Lt. Leaders of dominant religions wield a great influence on Kalinga politics, especially in matters involving peace and order. Ifugao Ikat has white and red diamond stripes. Isu nga ayan ju na sobre anna ta lumagaw-aju. Tattoo practitioners ) alternatively use parakuk id lubwhan ( lemon thorns ) to pierce the.! Last Kalinga tattoo art to global attention residents in Tabuk through the system! Tree, leaning on has been trained to design and sew different kinds of products colorful and in. 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Whang Od | DW Documentary located outside the ili ( village ) DW.... [ 5 ] they are mainly found in the north paint their faces red tributaries: Tinglayan the! To avenge the killing of a Kalinga farmer much preparation is needed for rituals related to kayaw headhunting! And yellow although other colors are also used ago, according to this,! Which includes a ritual to run a costly political campaign economic conditions further deteriorated, not. Suffered the same abuse and maltreatment from the colonizers my sugarcane like the pine,. North, Mt are known as maalmot ( brave warrior ) or (. A festival dance in which men and women have varying reasons for getting their Tattoos takes responsibility the... Culture alive, she has been successful in resolving issues involving Kalinga and non-Kalinga residents in Tabuk the... Climate varies within the province also produce rice but on a lesser scale use! Songs, some Kalinga youth today use the kullitong, which features woven... 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