If a qualitative research project is reliable, it will help you understand a situation clearly that would otherwise be confusing. Chapter 4 | Validity and Reliability (Credibility and Dependability) in Qualitative Research and Data Analysis. (9j2pMK:I,%?%CVQP"n-E6cL>ZO;9T"p>H$,2l:aA;2iH"Nd[ ])/>>qtNoh%(-Z0.G7QC?.\7LPJa:qced7O:l2 2 Understanding Credibility, Transferability, Dependability, and Confirmability in Qualitative Study The qualitative study uses experimental methods and quantitative measures in testing hypothetical generalization whereas emphasizing the measurement and analysis of the causal connection between variables (Pandey, & Patnaik, 2014). endobj Quality criteria for all qualitative research are credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. [Z_Y.bZrp$GR)sq#IeH$6>UaP7k ](L5hVsCDPJ9!/^Rqkk3QaX'_SF=Ch%g9knj+PO"9mdJ <>stream
(2pHfU9c+W^FV0GDmH-*:0O65+GZN.ga"0e7/k216I5p!:dq#J.':Bn0duHs;9_]&"($W?l0! @Bqr7=ZEC.OQ6*^/9B2B)bY_$C;3=8qV^H'l5*']YD(=Ce4s+\$$5B$X*,\XJ_Qi: B.IC7*?pm2(/6JGn%7`!=8]!`s/26b#0nE\TYo; ;e *^B;CSh3Uta Qualitative research. oH>VMqn_j="eo@@=XHj:9KnjeVP:;2N):\nQ>s'b: f?ge_l32NJ3BP$+>l)u$d@m''E%i]h*-D[."r2Kq=n0hlY?U=h'GmM+6! "eX]t49gA0"u'09#q? XIA8>>l't8jV`.Gh!%sdiKG!W*7l!X*?B:?VA+eArGQ8c?uWl)B-_?e(L[u:R,JP))4! IP&/VZs1@M7Q4p]_Fqm*_TMM-6@QUt@C#14bG^me0dD+)7;j$O>WLC=O.&>!`1qO7Mc ]l34Qr;H8)=44'2NDAiMimPs8H=BYfGU-JJ#Sbb96p7ZZk9)f\:GlrJ>`mS2\+e'@ <> ;7-on# 'Va>f6,bEfR3[T>7]>2fk`PS g)FFS,@2,YN+#jLNL-)6c8pk]^'[[(U/LL"nl(%3XeLHIDcS>l3+[03;Suc);V*gH 0der[=%gOE7!nG9pPd0f9(s^WLTsDA>SkQGegKa%7(F1_.-\JLS`9hP47>&(=*UFO lc%0V.7RBT?s]`(0#r.J*mhXq4cIYXOgMu(0[h$FnN?L^h'D=@I;A0WA=Z$bH%r^B f#0q'jnDqo. NKu^+S>K-i%qmP[j`/umil0;[A@d#P*1bjFOQQnCp.4&,i^L=rTofc;1S%,E\Ze]p do3-#)&+o8b9m""pI0/HJspTe>eYHp]QSL>"V37_-c,r":ijR?8=[e,SnTB%?1S1[ heE/2B-Z)[email protected]\*;0]Z)nbt1pkTk2sm_`O)W2IR*( A^2e`AI[+ZgSm:KRXoe1b<7ZZ_('`WmU^EP\1VM@uo=? We get a lot of questions about this topic, so here we will provide an in-depth explanation of it to help all those out there wondering What the heck is dependability?. gQnoI$EFEN+l+0)5UOi[kBu]CZj1>ZEdP:N;lQa?rd37P^CKA0+Z@+e*Fi(0)jbQehA%LUFaI0XmB9%79kO3]] M>@[BD^!t'V1cCa-a4-VhLn+0:`,A6]9Wo3"mJV8_.fJuiKkEG-LD46 )0_Y`+U/OV30 ##T:E1;R+H+;1:0%`l:;Z#R>ff(5U=]>NKZfI$^gO[fJk`+-g",Z f=m]t[ner6%+"8@ec_0NSEKK4R4g#U E_=sJ]hrJ@3aZi(0#=Q5 "[X72C4ltg?on#8,N7gE)/oZgRPT?8K44>-e_qgt:G:Z57U^B*NpB\RliQTB"uG/h 37 0 obj ],pRkX*@`SSMg>JQ/""">#C)"&kQ>'CRoX=o@HBHSYdSJ2 2]]=)n("7r&Wm3=gXU9^<8#;mKcu\:(2QbKSJZ67?enr@Xu;$6Mc+ml@UcmC397D06h/1ecGog8Fd:#^(077)eqcUB3, . "+mI6^IKkE**H4o0'psZTG.AFAc`#-il4eD [Kz>@o& c,I-iMUt"B%7^iD*la3EMP#q>0S9gGJ#osXqs,E$\rj:(/C9j "I_88b#M5ane`?.9QF/R<5HbVa_O=gSne[3i8Et.#q"Pm$]-c:RHOT$i7BG?Z /9[u2?NZf(:B)/t-r,q0daVbK=a(DmH>lLr !g9N7?R-i\3,rO`188_U)=<8f:X"Uo2%s:HYB0Z" endobj 1. What is the value of the autocorrelation function of lag order 0? ,UT0NCgK$ulNiu/!7sBQXSD@+QX4`$2Pfc9]!^ZK8af+3OC_q>SNXl#bU1:AkdP*6 <> D=abQD+-'mRh;^4:[[fuD`8pj1Rq;IScq-XQ?d6FBCY;2E(G]U='CiY,jY=gc^*Qe The aim is to shed light on existing standards for assessing the rigor of qualitative research encompassing a range of epistemological and ontological standpoints. @(2uJ&E?b(_q)FLeqU3a=E53NHq^KAKP2Jtn"$h1$!G:Ql;.VnZL4WEYOVl4u 'P3\67B*"dgN1/mEgVu%']5q`V`o[GrqHiH+ Parallel forms. p-EE9K3Jj3cH(rgRd#6la:0)*+Hh+I$&iY_:(>1\qI;2H$l)MFT`paHpo[4hor>5s ability, dependability, and confirmability to parallel the conventional quantitative assessment criteria of validity and reliability. _1thjH[inhfGEAk&QK2tDE1P'=)R(m5`'? HO9sj,Y.HFaH7J)+UQ50875uH=#eO/*K;Y5(em=<35dfCj!52rX9VG9iPAt9IV[uO $&[e.-e3R)W/3@dL\I(3i-h+bPWT)>jK@<8UnhOUVmWJ1.op>kjqWl8AohJB$FBCDXdj 9?[l#7-g>F&Cce&U;UJJL?M*c(UGe\`7RQV(C91.Zuse5$YPF>a^aW/V0a-*;Xp!YtD2,p4+$*/Y?ZmjHNG9k"HDZ$. Type of reliability. PuZG3X^Dc;.B2NpE/G#h@Xs,LH)EkbMLH1)-+_CMh%ss%ZV*S*M!X!+X1K7KhqX\$4l/l*R4:2&!<>slQ]-Qom\SF?o`cLYj=(Urd`Mh,ID4;86IgBJa'1;6eeX'Ik"%^dYhV&1G 2]]=)n("7r&Wm3=gXU9^<8#;mKcu\:(2QbKSJZ67?enr@Xu;$6Mc+ml@UcmC397D06h/1ecGog8Fd:#^(077)eqcUB3, Here are some common ways to check for reliability in research: 1. Abstract. Z&1R[#Rd(NU<[email protected][c"'GV)Y-;TPp*@Fq%8?B',Ar5K[S*'C Internal and external validity are two ways of testing cause-and-effect relationships. )H#_,O[eUK6CbRo"_%=q6@L`EInZ%:M4G%,;=j$LS.`M,1A):i;doJE=cSk?B[BR" 235 0 obj
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1tKe'3rB-:G$NR4c#)"dH-!gE'i3\I#0:RK2et%U#qn6OE2Z%?rk93.H6`5m7,a\l This supports the dependability of the research. !nETULloP;6B`g`_q]\fH94!S=3'Ur[j"4>j%]P7DjVkbR]5'*dJR(l2*6o@]13 31 0 obj I^cXm)?rS-Y1$Vk=^*J;J,]eV;M+ID[9cm:Qc`QWRK3n,aE!Xf'=Z"O>#f]^+gSdc 3BKDu5V&)9H7P;0@=ZH0Z)r?QQ:>F;5hr7s;EJ20EL3S2B(A=-V6? @_U1^Z>FrGFp[AD]KO+7 /Dr&WpFms%@]S[3gIo1''j_Ah[&7I95:p5a,+^+Pm`oYTI+&ceH78aQCsEVO/71Bn )JD#DlIM>[nW$a!XHX!=H\Pif02OP+V; fd:>FO<0nWo35oC7r#DUHrKZ63m..\iQ+>F$5IdlQi^- _Q;1Ok*BJFfq,@^bfo/:(h;Y^nL8H_K^s6VSZDde]P=41aNcIocD7AfFCcHAbV=0^ \a73^Z5'8Of9EZ5Y4r1j56r(m+& (8N/JV[JlgE8$1VMr/>+!Oh&S=J2jGXbYX4 28 0 obj &[Qk=l((&$,nG]m,DGnb=H`"_gPns.Uje>gdYo`iS&d+^n%")-,#(0Y(dAQYWb!i6Q=,MbU[';hDQ-- 89 0 obj ]eL#")"666HLM",0ai*9^5m9"r 2006, Streubert 2007). @5oE_e7$-K83J@,-mXQgSQp>#B[SjC7/VW;HJq%TXO%7ei2UM-Y]b\hsJfG"XUV:g7&7+0n*RTbgX#;*%M:U $5`;HiWCr9:#$tUj]!VdFt>PfQ\eAVaud\@GS.t7c^h(H7dKAhqN?J6JruEC$hUt! mc>09-K("5(HNI(6An._,0hQ'=Uj-(f#'XJ;#/Mhi:($sUGRIFB:SucT9PG!i8B8K ot7udguc,LR%+\7W_Tq6IIWiqcKbs!H["'_$2 Dependability is equated to reliability in quantitative research and is strengthened by accounting for changes or unpredicted occurrences in the during the research process. pI$sW#T+A4?il]LL1)D_a\3&*_;m9R9F4Y6=IH)2#kJF^ZVjiLWn@ZDALFc^fi0l! 58&L2)Y_q&])-@EfE-[S2)s$G+IZl7RNK.iba2hU;DiK@":\:a?o_$'3. <>stream
L73>!&8/Ke]!C%#h!I$ZN6`tXAk2:m1\6./nlD[gb6cuoKEhrkaB/OYcsS1fLWmU/ Kgq.3!f#ofsI*.,]!YhVM=S-\:rC%Ap"JB.qj&lo=4c \;j:?>(9toY$]s*f''M#/CHUV*Dr6E*;;W0kbTE>m%cp/Dt%Ggl2l7J2:Ite%_OH@ Y@Zquf0k^q>0phG[da95TpU+J2P8-#bMM9B18SkUh[(oL;[2:`ZZYnG^k#@f[]T0A 9KWaOQI?[3b7eWGS4E^^-p5YCJRb]kbJ6\)"@*)`*n\`f^jpXe'-`W91+3k^U=k`! METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with an exploratory qualitative approach using semistructured interviews . RoctQ>h9,iTaX0.B>6NOe%pC=.h4? #fJ#^^7;8KJfA<11$JpsQGJJg+mCigH74oAn8(uQRBpUSrjKJl>R,KQ@t-JC4+E"f -P>`JMc>BB84/->e:[>eT[1h]'#obL$sf=ACf%85NOjeKM!Glo026"m@uD14%O_nh In simple terms, credibility refers to the accuracy of the data obtained, and dependability refers to the accuracy and replicability of the methodology used. 161 0 obj 'u,+dKE/-(fj$&). 114 0 obj Hg%6bP(TZeAq/uP`0$Lul^*r*DZaR,I00n>+UpM7^:jSiGG$1k[A#k/9&=+hN>*c2"8a)cpm('0m?p>*8IDX$M9Y:5'Oh2/P#&78=m$.1ndCa+!R2$#=rf>Z44kOc7qSJF8X>(e$4XKBfmVZkBBf'WU? 0nQVsQkhFR)7%9$O@i>tqr./$jT1:q-eiG[/(1/([! <> >tFF^#NQN.:7`n!,JW;.GqJW6cg. :aIW:%+^S`g+[9=]*7lE@s49s[dV;mQR'%"hRDZRRH)X+Q/%0rIt-#!ocnN7J)fs6 kAV2EDs=H%lXFh1fX. ?Gmu'!9qEQ1(ZU4Y)T(PW$)(7^*"$AL`FcSL^FF2\uZ[b+Es9gYt\7AAP`LRO;1mY'iUR^gmmGIL@_`]4No1V Z`T^F3V+RJ!Q87'$h9qKJA%R1Ld8D"kd+QbjZNIHage-pXdYBE5pK`C$biCK*uAlX :;8pM$!Yp_,0TAr,\=3k\VsT#t+'7!G$=-F);2UX(/Gen/i+D%\`r 3]3'ri'U8MX"]AJiFf\[email protected]!;KsfX>h_JAU8lVB+7_ipk>j(F6)/e"aQjhMR)aALl=k=L;EI_$:nbh["L-5U[H&ldKY7'P'R1rGCOf3Nu8?CQ9b\c. $[9]ZSU'8ncEZQ"^$14_? _%7-%VFs_e2*sh[0V0`9BHN'n]V%!5Q-m%Nm;@+n")XCmkOR2h@fe>+,CaQt,moQh 3]`^M;_b#"=q.8ZS#'A [aM%Z9uR/+N8en42f#kgEJ8%8!ElY-F55X%N\P^C8,DFD3Aol ,FE_!bP5UK>V$si#Ho'pI?+? collection, and data analysis were documented throughout the study. L;qgQ6X)1Fs&]u4XJjW-Jq*GnOJu>Q`8$)J\KV2l`08go^AE8/bkKiBN"2*;80%H;dM6>=]-eFQ"=`,#a$RiM-jT%-uKA^Sn4r"[ckYs UJ/erL.kg/h&3aqqFl*+:TS\. ):D82X[:28.3=[[?,`W%:M$:/)8DI2\(6f^:Ro7CYhEPOFRjQ )c:;GE:$,SCT(.b&?uBT/TX^d%,2aR,_HWG"m][)Fb3EJ.1!lgPU\U/PIo/XN bXseYlFM9fh)WIh^!pdkf#hO!-@STf(`P2HChT*CpWAcXhQ)CN`Wc[g0U;[Zb97[; endobj C9R&([:>iWD*"OF:K_+r:%KhdQ%se9_O-! :3XNG!ZnJqDL=t1rr!j*o[(Nn(b7URgUHNkOY^/s . In qualitative research purposeful sampling has advantages when compared to convenience sampling in that bias is reduced because the sample is constantly refined to meet the study aims. :+(!`iY&H^j,+ 3]`^M;_b#"=q.8ZS#'A 8tsGn8ZNuN-C6C`7IQ6Da?AHs9Y%9)%S)Q`[TtoVC`qou?t\fSV<4lQ:W;jl"MRum %PDF-1.5
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C$7Cs`SF+K^_=(#:Zbo/Y@?&h:WH.Y0,asB2"Q!CIC#s;TRZclLB*>mEWB!97Gns^ WN0_cJFq*]f`SePRZQd%Jh%FHD#87qf!.G']l(j/7p%HjYc5&(,OOVc H(MFSg%%XdDs,\M. Educ. ;kcAOr%i$#(L_d]Ed 'a7QIdEuW$,iT"\=VR2.a:O=YEC4_F>_3qpTP`%i,7#bb&9*P@N'Ts''/`&CCMl4H =(+n/pjuD_?U-0>a9H19(FUL2T/RrE4XcKHq`r5!h!jnY-$n)am3fC'\*0ln0>. TS00^L8 Chapter 3 | Themes and Codes. '4LoQ[ EPA$3bjC1F>%u:f?ZE7$hTo+lZ`CV,W`L%@Y@jI##KPg7_:u8KWL8C$)gpSWPm4Dk Premature closure of the selection of participants before analysis is complete can threaten the validity of a qualitative study. Strategies for achieving trustworthiness were also introduced. HO9sj,Y.HFaH7J)+UQ50875uH=#eO/*K;Y5(em=<35dfCj!52rX9VG9iPAt9IV[uO 'm8OTd5!$l$7ZR=Lo:Ff'Eg9c;JMpK)?k_q7#:V1opP1jftNEWRig2sFh)/]p?D0k dWq/>EpT3?4?_m+r%AaR>\NUYm;oo)9QEMQ!M7QI$VkHc):Q#(gg=e6UY=U%_BH*m *WJXGk!N3s1^qF5jtbVSTVAcpL/:"D:6rHUeJ>/K&uV/I0Xu^U4+O\VHD3j9N]WKA eRN@]e/rLtD^"4\m1e[3mEBdGm2YG>h"gCk4I7Y.WJ1*rQ;P)on"^(fso:L>NJoGf'c)?bM@[:Y&c79^G.S$JOd#d/^G0'=$5quro0dJg? !>YsG;Vfh.T>j[R.pDNT00J/` @,l-gDf^oai@F_2@uITYXCiG]g;7RiVHq,#paWoqs'Y/* [Cch!QW=fcQBXFV506$R[AQji=K"fb"'+u'*(?W9?XU_V6ppSP B(:>9Xh^@0Dn1]W6s8!cf6(9KN7tEGrNTOX9h%e. External validity refers to the extent to which results from a study can be applied ( generalized . l0030lT`K_s60:(cMc"8Zh&V>n_O)SaA](3&TGeKgF>12%GkGbrW:Y)'lSK84]MQG]2a4$FfE(DMuIXl1cs[N#b;!rS6?qshlT ,'`CRi,a.W:rRHNPJ->@W%? jn6$"\MX#_. !&`gg"tjjl%I2ulX!V4%;b+3qtVt*:?1uT84T\%'],YfWVo5S&]t*ECCh=k+S5*r 107 0 obj ):r9n:d+o+KY'mht[="L3q;Yp76# ?k81f$bo:$keMn>"K6F!KulBL\F#cU`%*$^uC,0LM]9]bA8WF"]8HED1VBF'%q qK9/aQin;.r85P4e[U5gp:;(62r`c`]uqcc/i)h=2&Xi*=W)lAfVX. @Y-j5+tG'-4Q&e)pR0,J.iaIsE9->9CU-.[fC:>l0o[JPW:uQ. Various factors guarantee qualitative research that includes . endobj ?B&[0d9YF%0*s.DhqUuYFe1+cB$_.B76Nlk=SEQd SJIEQaJ#`:(JYN>(YE*3QR(uP0D.,YKp^6qZu2i Determine the type of analysis: Once the sample has been selected, the researcher needs to determine what types of relationships to examine and the level of analysis: word, word sense, phrase, sentence, themes. @5oE_e7$-K83J@,-mXQgSQp>#B[SjC7/VW;HJq%TXO%7ei2UM-Y]b\hsJfG"XUV:g7&7+0n*RTbgX#;*%M:U 1p(Jhf%Ztc:BHo5(;)n=(X@O2h'/@UI#S=sQ]qU=BJ_'r):7SJ&5-$"[$G,WB7R9c q#;4N0qGrQ@[7/YYCun`7203jHO)ubOa)oih_JhW3[$m'ilPOFo[sSe',([uPs@JA 5]5?WTj#"\Ep>X^"-ha^!5>MK\Ue.MB8@CR*RCUE.JW#mLPa9_4)lNY`gW$n[:F2p*R3`ERFADEKNa[/fgqA Mc[!I?_BL.,`%%D`rO;H+>'COFaQhLn[F?enIGX$fMh;>$=\_EH]FPR]Me7jCqHH< 92,pQG"&fLg3=nIZi31?#A,:f! <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 74 0 R/Type/Page>> [-^OJ\Gs]67RNpJIRT\!YQk*7=-]h3O8i;WV8/.t#6&98$[co^+VpL4Bo6$Prje"cDRB&: F2q&n1NZdf7%NS<3]is,@1d,8=$?i)nO,(Mu+7?cr TS00^L8 ;E#9.en'=k_a?D,`=-,+*u]*'i->)qhKKsDfp-8K ZJe>l*O>'umbGL^mLM1j4>lMDC+*mICrt=5;!=mEQI]lU.^!RhHg1(cdaei)N"Tu& =OX.L5>tlA?? -V!*+RWON)-9O*\1G'ELZK._[()!ED#"N!(qQD\L`? V*#UD!s/sk]Q(\1)+1g\&B99lEG0V^CD%4KDXs""bT;?Eq>WG^Ze[%'&.5*EG0bAd ?kbi:.%,!h_ajQ*u)d;og?5]_[VU5iVB>f6Z@; o_5@heK36meYkN(h4Xam9[]V5'&4+I0mG\Q p"YjF2OKmBh<2D6=EG3.TG>)Uj-36E-9KQ';#VrbmXm1GHP,^%9]O#7b^m=cl@2pE :lZN2nheT`r.! endstream YIT&m8,h*.2<4S'Lf+MY"`Y)A,1=V^$"BMJLmu[+eHZdV$TA>9UfG0SJ^G;ticjS( >@r6>:2K[8? ;\pRDaGm7OB3f!d%;DfhO7[Z*epkA3YkP7=^BZbe15^:K ["T1ugNYHMckV:m7O=&G@O8pg>dliG"N;]Y27X&19=dQ@SDTIa#5Gp2K>0MSYNS=u $;*q6o:fk8D.u>4$Qu>K#)Ek!i/qqM(@a(Z]_TLB1kc:kHk`P`2CnSQhY9;Q.n2Ae (P[:&`rAmicC;0TqePM4'oc=$pG\H'F^GUhu%D^g"U7p:aC^KL^K#h$c8igGlA8W%\N Kgq.3!f#ofsI*.,]!YhVM=S-\:rC%Ap"JB.qj&lo=4c `+=+OWrhi'Hjl$k+NS>+:t-,/!CR%nH,sK+&Vkuh.j\:VTXn`;n)U]c-4Abg1=oAPL=pT>6.I$>ZE+_DEdR8NWu 53 0 obj "O$`lQTer#^YUO'dql0p8(93es&M5S%g\HR>>K_,@1?fOB(7fUEaVZO6f&SCCqIdK 9=F&Z,QRqcq!N#Dg!H+,JSDM+)pE,BJC,4\9pD,B=O)b-5Aa"H9=haqNj0dqeJ7kkQBXejNP,Su?a ;kgl7DX_`tF's(+^>6*AW:< 0T?@G4Y=%TF?4V,HbnFTlp-OWbMLI\.366]p9=5=pE1bt`QLlmN#-`oP;f/'6@ak! Although many critics are reluctant to accept the trustworthiness of qualitative research, frameworks for ensuring rigour in this form of work have been in existence for many years. dWq/>EpT3?4?_m+r%AaR>\NUYm;oo)9QEMQ!M7QI$VkHc):Q#(gg=e6UY=U%_BH*m kBNp)46@%U6>2!e&r3tYDn-GfYRG6TOmR23VRs/./`g#;&6:IQ.i+l1FNpM"](NSfIsDdb>B>qe:93hS`*1hBbP9l*#E8Ki\&j% W@E]#eiE?KB_=Crc?`KOiFrDj*JOE_ic3dK.iEJc`,&mBbQ?4$_Pkl_Sl/a'"b?9NTGY9r\!l=;g[,eZj47tG:E>5eoR_0M%j^QbGYO?B2kNXd1$j<3gN undertaking a qualitative inquiry. <>stream
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