She took a strict approach to parenting Louis, which was saying something for the time. From practically the moment she was born in 1575, Marie de Medici didnt mess around. Marie had to wait until 13 May 1610 to be finally crowned Queen of France. WebMarie de' Medici, originally a scion of the powerful and rich House of Medici, was the Queen of France and the second wife of the King of France, Henry IV. Even King Philip IV of Spain now refused to allow her to settle in the Netherlands. Engravings after Rubens from the De Verda Collection, Medicea Hospes, Sive Descripto Pvblicae Gratvlations, Genealogical tables of the House of Medici, Catherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat, Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily, Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria, Maria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria, Karoline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Maria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri, Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio, Agnes, Princess Karl Alfred of Liechtenstein, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_de%27_Medici&oldid=1141964857, Emigrants from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to France, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. We all have sins to confess. C.W. Marie de' Medici was banished from Paris in 1631 as Cardinal Richelieu gained power over Louis XIII. The Wedding by Proxy of Marie de' Medici to King Henry IV (162225), Rubens depicts the proxy marriage ceremony of the Florentine princess Marie de' Medici to the King of France, Henry IV which took place in the cathedral of Florence on 5 October 1600. After her sister's marriage in 1584 with Vincenzo Gonzaga, heir of the Duchy of Mantua, and her departure to her husband's homeland, Maria's only playmate was her first cousin Virginio Orsini, to whom she deferred all her affection. Above them, two putti brandish hymeneal torches, a small zephyr blows a warm breeze of spring and scatter roses, and a circle of joyous butterfly-winged putti surround Felicitas Publica with the caduceus, who showers the couple with gold from her cornucopia. My mom never told me how her best friend died. After the death of the duke of Anjou, brother of the childless King Henry III, the apparent heir was to be Henry of Navarre (the future King Henry IV). During and after the regency, Marie de Mdicis played a major role in the development of Parisian artistic life by focusing on the construction and furnishing of the Luxembourg Palace, which she referred to as her "Palais Mdicis". [71], Cupid and Juno bind two doves together over a split sphere in the painting as a symbol of peace and love. Later interpretations suggested, however, that Rubens used Juno to represent Marie de' Medici's alter ego, or avatar, throughout the cycle. However, the figure is Magnanimity, also referred to as Generosity, because of the riches held in her palm. Sadly, though, she had already made one fatal error. The hydra's death is not at the hand of Apollo as might be expected. [52] The birth of the first male heir brings a sense of security to the royal family that they will continue to rule. Simultaneously by placing King and Queen together he effectively illustrates the elevated status of the couple. And if Mary gives up her crown, she looses all of her power. "[119], An important sketch from the collection is the so-called Reconciliation of King Henry III and Henry of Navarre a significant event for Henry IV's ascent to the throne. Their only brother Philip de' Medici, was born on 20 May 1577. [80] Rubens uses several methods to portray Queen Marie in precisely the light that she wanted to be seen, as her young son's guardian and wise advisor. Marie didnt forget about her Italian cadre of friends when she was at the top, and she promoted Leonora Dori and her husband Concino Concini to high ranks, most flagrantly creating Concini as a Marshal of France despite the little fact that hed never fought in a single, solitary battle. [8] The paintings are now displayed in the same order in the Louvre. The 43-year-old Queen Mother of France escaped the Chateau by scaling a wall with a rope ladder, then dropped into the arms of waiting conspirators, who rushed her away to another castle. Cupid and King Henry discussing the portrait of Marie de Medici (detail), Peter Paul Rubens. After the "Day of the Dupes" (Journe des Dupes) of 1011 November 1630, Richelieu remained the principal minister, and the Queen Mother was constrained to be reconciled with him. tags: love , medici. Marie de' Medici (French: Marie de Mdicis, Italian: Maria de' Medici; 26 April 1575 3 July 1642), was Queen of France as the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon and Regent of the Kingdom of France officially during 16101614 and de facto until 1617. She wrote extensively, especially to her children and to other powerful European leaders. Her body was brought back to the Basilica of St Denis and buried without much ceremony on 8 March 1643, and her heart was sent to La Flche, in accordance with the wish of Henry IV who wanted their two hearts to be reunited. This image is of, once again, Marie claiming her of regal authority yet was nonetheless the first step towards peace between mother and son. She spent an especially long time in the court of her youngest daughter, Henrietta Maria of England. [13] However, the Medici commission was welcomed by Rubens as an opportunity to apply his skills within a secular scene. Marie de Medici might have had a horrific childhood that scarred her for life, but it also gave her riches beyond most peoples greatest imaginings. [117] Although Rubens made great use of allegorical images throughout most of the paintings in the gallery, the two portraits of the Queen's parents are compositionally straightforward and unremarkably executed. [127] The painting shows Henry parading into Paris as a victorious Roman emperor holding an olive branch, the symbol of peace. [79] In the painting Marie de' Medici is highly decorated and triumphant after the collapse of a city, she is depicted across a white stallion to demonstrate that, like the departed King Henry IV, she could triumph over rivals in warfare. Rubens represented a putto taking the crown of Henry III, with the intention of placing it on the willing future Henry IV, although the actual transfer of power didn't occur until Henry III's assassination several months later (1 August 1589). Okay, now Marie learned her lesson, right? Not only did he further establish and publicize his skill, but also the similarities that exist in his later works, such as stylistic components and themes, undeniably reflect the Medici series. The king was pleased with her looks, and upon meeting her was impressed even more by her, than with her portraits. On the one hand, Protestants were worried about the rapprochement of Marie with Spain; on the other hand, Marie's attempts to strengthen her power by relying on the Concinis deeply displeased part of the French nobility. [59] While Rubens was certainly aware of the inherent meaning of the orb and employed it to great effect, it appears that Marie and her counselors instigated its introduction into the cycle to add allegorical and political grandeur to the events surrounding Marie's regency. Like any classic intruding mother, Marie used her time in exile not to reflect on the error of her ways, but instead to collect other family members around her and pretend nothing was wrong. Shots. 1982. Louis and his mother were not reconciled for over four years, and finally in 1621 Marie was permitted to return to Paris. The sixteen paintings that covered the long walls of the gallery measure about four meters tall by three meters wide, the three larger paintings at the end of the room are four meters high by seven meters wide. He creates equality between all of the figures in the painting by cleverly balancing corporeal and ethereal space.[43]. So in 1621, he invited her back to court in a undeniable victory for nagging mothers everywhere. In a cruel twist of fate, her son Louisher constant obsession and enemypassed less than a year after her. Although King Louis XIII kept on trouncing his mother and her men on the battlefield in these uprisings, Marie was not a woman to accept defeat. He is shown in the center of the scene raising a flaming sword. In a patriarchal society, that would not be wise of the young monarch to give up her political power. The reforms of the paulette and the taille remained a dead letter. On the 19th and 20 October, in 1587, at the Villa Medici in Poggio a Caiano, Grand Duke Francesco I and Bianca Cappello died. [129], The Birth of the Princess, in Florence on 26 April 1573, The Presentation of Her Portrait to Henry IV, The Wedding by Proxy of Maria de Medici to King Henry IV, The Meeting of Marie de Mdicis and Henri IV at Lyon, The Birth of the Dauphin at Fountainbleau, The Death of Henry IV and the Proclamation of the Regency, The Felicity of the Regency of Marie de' Medici, The Reconciliation: of the Queen and her son, Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, The Reconciliation of King Henry III and Henry of Navarre. The information about the commission in the contract Rubens signed is far from detailed and focuses mainly on the number of pictures in the cycle dedicated to the Queen's life, and is far less specific when it comes to the cycle praising her husband Henry IV. Was this a common practice? A formal chronological structure is followed in Panegyric writings detailing the ancestry, birth, education and life of the individual. [10], While this cycle was one of Rubens's first great commissions, Marie de' Medici's life proved a difficult one to portray. However, this match is about politics as well as love. (Cupid has his arrow; Prudence carries a snake entwined around her arm to indicate serpent-like wisdom; Abundance also appears with her cornucopia, also a reference to the fruits of Marie's regency. Primarily gray, the sketch shows the king in crimson velvet to stand out in "the most famous of all the battles of Henry IV." As the years passed and she saw how much sway Richelieu held over her son, a jealous Marie tried desperately to have him exiled. What is also known as a parade boat, Rubens referencing Horace's boat, is adorned with a dragon on front and dolphins on the stern. All of the paintings have the same height although they vary in width in order to fit the shape of the room they were intended for. The remaining three are portraits of herself and her parents. Honor de Balzac, in his essay Sur Catherine de Mdicis, encapsulated the Romantic generation's negative view. "[87] They support this claim with a statement in Rubens's notes which indicates that "this theme holds no special reference to the particular reason of state of the French kingdom. Having never been a particularly graceful event for anyone, disembarking a ship does not pose a problem for Rubens in his depiction of Marie de' Medici arriving in Marseilles after having been married to Henry IV by proxy in Florence. As was often the case with royal weddings, the bride's uncle, the Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany stood in the King's place and is pictured here slipping a ring on his niece's finger. The Master of the Marie receives ultimate vindication by being re-admitted to the Council of State in January 1622. There was great approval of the match, as the pope and many powerful Florentine nobles had been advocates of the marriage and had worked at convincing the king of the benefits of such a union. The Queen also surrounded herself with portrait painters, such as Charles Martin and especially the Flemish Frans Pourbus the Younger. How many assistance did he have? Aware that he could not avoid the formation of plots as long as his mother remained in exile, the King accepted her return to court. [42] Acting as more than just static symbols the figures portrayed take an active role in her education. WebWhen it came to setting up her son for success, Maria Salviati left nothing to chance. Quotes from others about the person "England had rejected her. Rather than accept this as a depiction of Marie as Justice, some hold that the real subject of the painting is the "return to earth of Astraea, the principle of divine justice, in a golden age. Her name is Marie de' Medici, daughter of the Grandduke of Tuscany. Madame de Pompadour was the alluring chief mistress of King Louis XV, but few people know her dark historyor the chilling secret shared by her and Louis. One of the pieces in her hand is the Queen's treasured strand of pearls. But soon, a more prestigious suitor presented himself: King Henry IV of France. Rubens gave Mercury an impression untruthfulness by illustrating his figure hiding a caduceus behind his thigh. Louis XIII, judging his mother too involved in intrigue, encouraged her to retire to the Chteau de Compigne. Saturn has his sickle and is personified as Time here guiding France forward. From petty paybacks to insane acts of karma, these bitter people somehow found the most ingenious ways. Her favorite move was to use painters to decorate her lavish palaces, including when she hired the Flemish painter Ambroise Dubois to do up her apartments at the Palace of Fontainebleau. The violence of these images would contrast nicely with the relative peace and regal quality of the scenes in the Marie de' Medici cycle. In June 1642, a bout of pleurisy hit her, and her whole life unraveledliterally. While in the matronly doghouse, Marie spent her time as a monarch-for-hire, and made a special visit to Amsterdam to help officially recognize the nascent Dutch Republic. [2] The immortalizing of her life, however, seems to be the most apparent reason for the Queen's choice to commission a painter who was capable of executing such a demanding task. Apollo being associated with art, Athena with wisdom, and Hermes the messenger god for a fluency and understanding of language. You will fare better without it. [8] In 1621, Marie de' Medici commissioned Rubens to paint two large series depicting the lives of herself and her late husband, Henry IV, to adorn both wings of the first floor of the Luxembourg Palace. The portrait of the Queen's father, Francesco I, is on the right and faces the passageway towards Marie de' Medici's private chambers. Canvas from Frans Pourbus . On either side of the fireplace in the gallery are the portraits of the Queen's parents. [9] (See #Henry IV Cycle below). Reading from left to right, we see the cityscape with its single hill. [112] Compositionally, Rubens gives the queen greater importance in this panel through the use of gestures and gazes. [15], Rubens's Medici commission was an inspiration for other artists as well, particularly the French painters Jean-Antoine Watteau (16841721) and Franois Boucher (17031770) who produced copies from the Medici cycle. In 1617, Louis XIII finally decided to take governing matters in his own hands at the age of fifteen and the queen was exiled to Blois. When Marie made the rounds to her various relatives around Europe, she took the time to grouse to each of them and their spouses about her son King Louis XIII and how much he had wronged her. [118], The original commission for the Marie de' Medici cycle included a corresponding gallery illustrating the life of Henry IV that was never completed, although Rubens began work soon after he completed the Marie de' Medici cycle. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Despite her nightmarish relationship with King Henry IV, Marie still managed to have no fewer than six children with the man, and coached them into some seriously high positions when they came of age. Henry's army casts the rebels out of Paris by throwing them over a bridge into the river below. Below, Saturn raises Veritas to heaven which symbolizes truth being, "brought to the light", as well as the reconciliation between the Queen and her son. Rubens obviously would have known this and so chose to ignore the tension surrounding Marie's relationship with her son, instead emphasizing her poise in the transfer of power. Marie served as regent of France between 1610 and 1617 during the minority of her son Louis XIII. Henry is shown as Jupiter (Greek Zeus) identified by the fiery thunderbolts in his hand and the eagle. Her mandate as regent legally expired in 1614, when her son reached the age of majority, but she refused to resign and continued as regent until she was removed by a coup in 1617. Completed in 1625, this is the final painting in the cycle in terms of chronological order of completion. Catherine of Aragon was King Henry VIIIs first wife and longest-lasting Queen of England. To add insult to injury, the whole time Henry had been playing White Knight with Marie and sending her love letters, he had been sending almost the exact same letters to Henriette, saying he wanted to kiss her a million times. It only got more tense from there. Is there a book about King Henry and his future wife Marie de Medici? Marie must have grown soft in her later years, because she couldnt see just how far Richelieu had sunk his teeth into the king. Maria's uncle Ferdinando I de' Medici became the new Grand Duke of Tuscany and married Christina of Lorraine (granddaughter of the famous Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France) in 1589. The second rower's shield depicts a flaming altar with four sphinxes, a coiling serpent and an open eye that looks downwards. Her importance is further highlighted by her equal height to her son, the King. [14] Rubens painted extravagant images of the Queen Mother surrounded by ancient gods and at times even deified her using these devices. Practically before Joannas body was cold in the ground, her father Francesco married again, this time to his long-time mistress, Bianca Cappello. [10] Moreover, Maria de' Medici was the granddaughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (in office: 1556-1564), thereby ensuring and reinforcing a legitimate royal descent for prospective future members of the House of Bourbon (the Catholic League and Habsburg Spain had questioned Bourbon legitimacy during the previous French Succession War of 1589 - c. 1593). [93] It is an interesting painting to examine within the context of the tense relationship between the young king and his mother. 206 There is in gardens a plant which one ought to leave dry, although most people water it. She took a strict approach to parenting Louis, which was saying something for the time. Early Europe and Colonial Americas: 200-1750 C.E. The lions pull the chariot (which is a pun on the name of the city), and in the chariot we see the allegorical figure of the city herself with a crown of her battlements: Lyons. Post-Impressionist, Paul Czanne (18391906) registered for permission to copy the goddess as many as ten times. [1] The paintings now hang in the Louvre in Paris. Wikipedia. Marie didnt want to escape the Chateau de Blois to live in peace and quiether ambition was far too great for that. The marriage contract was signed in Paris in March 1600 and official ceremonies took place in Tuscany and France from October to December of the same year: the marriage by proxy took place at the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (now Florence Cathedral) on 5 October 1600 with Henry IV's favorite the Duc de Bellegarde representing the French sovereign. [21] This record of visual history and the influences of his contemporaries, some who became lifelong friends of Rubens, would make an imprint on his art throughout his entire life.[22]. When we do, we depend on our loyal, helpful readers to point out how we can do better. In the composition, Marie is depicted as much larger than her son and occupies much more space. Obviously, all was not well in the Kingdom of France, but events soon took a turn for the worse. A first treaty, the Treaty of Angoulme, negotiated by Richelieu, calmed the conflict. However, Henry IV of Navarre was not a rich man and needed Marie's money. After formative years that would corrupt even the purest mind, Marie developed some disturbing coping mechanisms. A member of the powerful House of Medici in the branch of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany, the wealth of her family caused Marie to be chosen by Henry IV to become his second wife after his divorce from his previous wife, Margaret of Valois. Within this context Rubens' approach to 'historical truth' may appear selective or, worse, dishonest, but he was neither a historian in the modern sense, nor a journalist; the Medici cycle is not reportage, but rather poetic transformation. Also present in each are objets importants: rudder, globe, and rosaries. However, a few weeks later, Henrietta d'Entragues also produced a son, and Henry not only made just as much fuss over this son but declared that he was better-looking, not fat and dark like Louis and the Medici. The baby is quite close to a serpent, which is a representation of Health. Cupids arrow has hit its mark; the king is smitten. While Marie gazes adoringly at her son, Fecundity presses the cornucopia to her arm, representing the complete and bountiful family to come. For example, how she overcomes the rebellions and the disorders of the State. 'S death is not at the hand of Apollo as might be expected point. 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