Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. Game Info. At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the throne as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1474. In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. Table of Contents show. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. The following year Charles retired to a monastery and Philip became king of Spain. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. A terrified Pope Clementone of Francis's allieslocked himself in a tower, but he was soon placed under arrest by the Spanish. The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. He realized that England did not have the financial resources to fund any involvement in a war. But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. By the late 1640s, the Catalans had tired of French rule, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. Becoming the king of Bavaria in 825, Louis the German gradually extended his power over all of Carolingian Germany. Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. Among the reforms they demanded were simplified services, less elaborate church music, simpler vestments (robes worn by clergymen), and more preaching. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. Catherine de' Medici Cao Cao Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. do with the translation. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. And today, we're planning to help you get better at it by sharing some Rise of Kingdoms cheats and tips in our complete strategy guide. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. After this bloody victory, while looting the city, Henry first glimpsed the riches of African trade that had come from the Indies: cinnamon, pepper, cloves, ginger, and other spices. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. One by one the Spanish ships broke their cables and headed for open water. But Essex botched the job miserably. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. official symbol of France, painted on his shield. The meme disagrees with this statement and uses Israel as an example. Monarchs (kings and queen with supreme rule) in France, England, and Spain responded to the chaotic situation in Europe by consolidating their power. A: Red Most chose to renounce their vows. These lords were constantly fighting among themselves. End of the Merovingian dynasty. Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. He married Louis's daughter, Claude de France, in 1514. They had arrived on the peninsula by a.d. 300, becoming both urban and rural dwellers. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. He made three more voyages to the "Indies" (in 1493, 1498, and 1502) to confirm his theory and to colonize the islands he had already explored. He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. A: Enemy Elim . Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). By 1615, the Dutch possessed the Spice Islands and were forced to face the threat of the British East India Company. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. Henry Tudor (14571509), earl of Richmond, became the champion of those who felt that Richard had wrongly taken the throne. While preparing to confront Adrian's forces, the Comuneros discovered that they were divided among themselves. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. Merovingian Kingdom. In 1487, when he was named grand inquisitor (supreme head of the court), he set out to rid Spain of "converts" who did not actually practice Christianity. Nevertheless, the emperor was still the most powerful political figure in the Christian world. They knew that Login. Leaders of both the nobility and the middle class feared that their property would be seized by government forces, so they had lost the motivation to champion their political cause. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. rise of kingdoms . The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). The Renaissance also brought several technological innovations that made ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be undertaken. The destruction was so great that the invasion was delayed for a year. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. 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